What is a digital computer? Write a brief note on its functional elements.

A digital computer is an electronic device that processes and stores data using binary digits (bits) as its primary form of representation. Digital computers are capable of performing a wide range of tasks, including word processing, data analysis, and simulations, by executing a series of instructions stored in their memory.

There are several functional elements that make up a digital computer, including:

Input devices: These are devices that allow the user to input data and instructions into the computer. Examples include a keyboard, mouse, and touchpad.

Output devices: These are devices that allow the computer to output data and results to the user. Examples include a monitor, printer, and speakers.

Central processing unit (CPU): The CPU is the "brain" of the computer, responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations. It is made up of two main parts: the control unit, which fetches instructions from memory and decodes them, and the arithmetic-logic unit (ALU), which performs mathematical and logical operations.

Memory: This is where the computer stores data and instructions while they are being processed. There are two main types of memory: volatile memory (such as RAM), which is used to store data temporarily while the computer is running, and non-volatile memory (such as a hard drive or SSD), which is used to store data permanently.

Bus: The bus is a set of wires or connectors that allow different components of the computer to communicate with each other. It allows the CPU to access data and instructions stored in memory and send output to the output devices.

Operating system (OS): The operating system is a set of software that manages the hardware and software resources of the computer and provides a platform for running applications. Examples of popular operating systems include Microsoft Windows, MacOS, and Linux.